Cultural+sensitivity+in+Australian+Culture

**Tutor: Judith Meiklejohn**
 * Tara Mills **
 * Student number: N8099936 **

====Cultural diversity is a term which means a range of different societies and people who have different religions, origins, and traditions who live and interact with each other. The picture I have chosen is a picture of a Hindu ritual of cremation. Which in today’s society is one common way many people choose instead of burying their loved ones, however both ceremonies hold two very different means. ==== []
 * ARTEFACT **

====The public health issue which relates to my analysis is the need for greater intercultural understanding. In a pre-hospital setting or even in a hospital setting there is a significant gap in the education of health professionals in multicultural values surrounding death and the dying  (Carson 2009) . These include specific rituals and beliefs during the dying process as well as the handling of bodies once a person has passed on. Our ability to deal with a person from another culture or society is limited to our own knowledge and experiences ( Box & Taylor 1999 ). For health care professionals playing a part in the preparation for death is a privilege and requires knowledge of personal needs and beliefs the patient may have and well as the greatest of respect with reference to any cultural values the patient may hold in regards to dying and in death. ( Eisenbruch 1984) ====
 * Public Health Issue **

====In 2009-10, 119 791 people were approved to become Australian citizens by conferral from more than 185 countries (Department of Immigration and citizenship 2011). Australia is one of the most religiously diverse societies due to the extensive immigration we have experienced since colonial times (Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2011). Due to this extensive immigration Australians are exposed to many religions including Muslim, Jews, Buddhists and Hindus. According to the bureau of statistic just over 19% of Australia’s population was born overseas (Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2006). The growth in numbers for these religions is largely due to the changes in the origins of recent immigration. Despite this Christianity still remains the most affiliated religion represented by migrants in Australia. (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006). ==== ==== //“Of all people affiliating with Hinduism in 2001, 82% had been born overseas, with 34% born in India and 11% in Sri Lanka. Similarly, nearly three-quarters of all those affiliating with Buddhism had been born overseas - 26% in Vietnam and 8% in China. Of persons of all ages affiliating with Islam in 2001, 62% were overseas born, with almost 11% born in Lebanon and 9% in Turkey.” (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006)// ====
 * LITERATURE REVIEW **
 * __Culture in Australia __**

====Australia wide there are numerous variations in the care of the dying, in bereavement practices and beliefs about death. As Australia is a Multicultural country special consideration is required when treating a patient from a different ethnic background that may have different beliefs about types of treatments and attitudes about certain people performing these treatments (Koenig & Gates-Williams 1995). Variations can occur even within a single ethnic culture with regards to dealing with death. A person from one ethnic group may completely or only partially conform to a cultures current customary expectations for the country they are in (different from their origin country), while others while hold tight to their own values and beliefs about death and burial rituals. As Lickiss found second generation Australian’s with parents from overseas may reflect Australia’s current trends and attitudes towards certain key health issues rather than those of their parents ethnic background, this may result in possible tension between children and parents during medical emergencies which may result in confusion to the health professional or the deliberate withholding of vital information that may be required (Gafford 2005). ====
 * __Variations in Australian Culture __**

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Previous medical experiences highly influence how a person reacts while in care or in an emergency situation. The environment and personal situation at the time as well as past experiences, cultural backgrounds and genetic inheritance influence each individual’s treatment plan ( <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Box & Taylor 1999). <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The fear of a past personal experiences or the experience of a family member can impede a person’s peaceful approach towards death. Patients with language barriers may require an interpreter or a friend to provide crucial information from patient to medical practitioner as well as talking to the patient about their fears or hopes towards treatment and even death ( <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Valero-Garces, C. 2007) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">. Death is not an event that can be managed by health care professionals; however it is a journal which must be experienced by all. Health care professionals are able to assist in this process by providing counseling information to aid in the acceptance of death, understanding a disease, illness or relevant clinical situation. This is to help explain what is happening to the patient or even to family members. A medical staff member must exercise care and wisdom during decision making and reflect on any cultural influences and constraints which the patient and/or careers hold ( <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Lickiss2003 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">).
 * __<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Individualizing Care __**

====<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Morse & Proctor 1998 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> defined two phases of human suffering the first being “enduring” where emotions are suppressed known as an emotionless state, and “suffering” <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">an overt state of distress in which emotions are released. When individuals are suffering they move between both states depending on their needs as well as their recognition and acceptances of the event which has happened to them as well as the response of others towards a given event (Ohman et al 2003) .Cultural influences and factors largely influence these two phases as well as the transition between both phases which affect the care of an individual who may need to effectively release their emotional distress during a medical situation ( Morse 2001). Decision making about the end of life process or the management of a disease involves ethical principle with cultural sensitivity kept in mind (Latimer 1998 & Gafford, J. 2005). Understanding cultural sensitivity involves understanding the patients views of their current situation as well as their expectations and ideas about the decision making that should occur over the course of their treatment (Latimer 1998). ====
 * __<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Cultural influences which influence End of Life care __**

====<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">It is important in the pre-hospital setting or in the emergency setting that Cultural awareness is understood. Any information relating to cultural customs and attitudes to relevant medical practices in Australia needs to be available and always considered (Spencer 2007). Some issues which are relevant in Australia include: ==== ====<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">These issues can occur in any sort of environment here in Australia whether at a large hospital located in a metropolitan area, a nursing home, and small communities or in suburban homes. Cultural competence is a necessary skill to have however it is not possessed by all medical professionals and not found in all locations. Each patient should be approached sensitively to be able to appropriately assist whilst maintaining cultural integrity. Medical professionals need to set aside their own values and beliefs and seek to understand the needs and beliefs of their patient ( <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Nursing Theories resource 2011 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">). ====
 * __<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Cultural awareness in the Pre-hospital/ hospital setting __**
 * ====<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Communication issues, including disclosure and consent; ====
 * ====<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Modes of decision making: how or when is the patient or family involved? ====
 * ====<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Concepts of disease, meaning of pain and other symptoms; ====
 * ====<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Ways of conceptualizing death and dying in relation to the rest of life; ====
 * ====<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Customs surrounding death, burial or cremation, and bereavement; ====
 * ====<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Attitudes to medication (especially opoid drugs and sedatives) and to nutrition; ====
 * ====<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Privacy issues; and ====
 * ====<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Spiritual matters, as well as religious issues, including rituals. ( <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Lickiss 2003 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">) ====

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Current education for health care providers now includes many subjects in regards to multiculturalism and the public/ private health care system. Education however is primarily targeted towards nursing practices which strive to provide better end-of life care with the use of aids such as self assessment tools and multicultural guidelines for nurses and practitioners ( <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">National Health and Medical Research Council 2005 &2006 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">). Palliative care Australia has made a significant contribution to the health of those patients with the introduction and publication of the //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Multicultural palliative care guidelines. // <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> Despite the introduction of this new publication there is still room in Australia for greater understanding about cultural diversity issues. ====<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Specialist staffs are trained to deal with specific issues which may occur in patients who are terminally ill; these specialists may need to be called upon to assist during the palliative care and to aid in the overall treatment of a patient ( <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Spencer 2007) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">. Medical staff always adheres to the principles of palliative care and should be implemented the moment a patient is diagnosed with a terminal illness ( <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Box, M.,& Taylor, A. 1999 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">). Mixed management has increasingly become the norm in any health care situation with specialists required for specific illnesses i.e. pediatric, orthodontic and neurologist all with their own specific treatment plans. The ability to identify where a specialists is needed for assistance is a skill required of all primary care teams ( <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Preboth 2000) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">. Currently there are no specialists in relation to dealing with different cultures or ethnicities in the process of dying and death. There needs to be enhanced training of specialists staff members in these matters, drawing on cultural specific information ( <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Archer, F., Spencer, C. 2006) ====
 * __<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Training and education about culture __**

//<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">“The extension of the project to include some multicultural guidelines was considered to be particularly important. We have welcomed many cultures to this country and their customs, rituals and values have added richness to our community. We must do our best to ensure that a sensitive approach and respectful consideration are given to any person with a life threatening illness and their family and friends. Because there are many customs and rituals, with which we may be unfamiliar, these guidelines have been developed to assist those working ////<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">with these people and their families”. ( //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> Box & Taylor 1999//)//

====<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">In today’s society the majority view dying as a lonely experience. Death and has been a major subject of discussion in society highlighted by the medias involvement since the 1960’s. This coverage has highlighted the changes to in hospital care and has been the driving force for discussions surrounding the controversial issue of euthanasia (this is currently not available in Australia) (National Health and Medical Research Council 2006). In Western societies around the world the consequences of current negative attitudes towards dying have seen many people die in institutions such as nursing homes or in hospitals away from family (Kellehear, 2001). This negative view of death is a result of personal views of surrounding isolating and institutionalization in the lead up to death (Koenig B.A, 1995). Australia as a society like having a house that is our home as a place of comfort, celebration and the place for growing old with a partner or family (Kelleher, 2001). Society is reminded every day of the unfortunate reality of death and disease which can be exacerbated by stresses such as poor financial resources, lack of social support and inadequate affordable medical services. This rationale explains why so many people end up dying in institutionalized settings. Another cultural factor that plays a role in Australia is language barriers that may lead to the individual suffering financially, socially and medically (Australian government). ====
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ANALYSIS **

====<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Becker (2002, 2003) states that death in western society is often seen as the ultimate disruption, destroying continuity. Death can bring a sense of disorder and create a sense of uncertainty for a person’s future causing people to panic about the uncertainty of death and a realization of their own mortality (Frank, 1999). The level of disruption that death brings largely depends on a person’s cultural background and religious beliefs. Some cultures believe death may in fact represent the continuation into another life and in fact not the end of everything i.e. Hindu religion where death is a passage into a new life (Firth, 2005). Australian health professions need to know and understand that a person’s culture can affect the type of treatment they wish to receive (Ben 2010). Having a language barrier can cause information to be misinterpreted. Many cultures prefer to use family members to make decisions for them reducing emotion stress they may experience (Valero-Garces 2007 & Gafford, J. (2005). ====


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">ANALYSIS OF THE ARTEFACT AND YOUR OWN LEARNING REFLECTIONS **

====<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">My artifact represents one of the many rituals people from the Hindu religion perform when a family member passes away. They believe that humans are reborn according their karma so thus many death rituals are performed to ensure that a person’s soul can rest in peace. When a person dies it is the belief that a person’s soul stays on earth close to family members, the deceased body and the deceased close possessions. Hindus burn their bodies as they believe this is the best way to separate the soul from the body to avoid any physical association with the body that could occur if the body was buried. There are many rituals which can be performed for the soul to break the bond with its body and to start a new life somewhere else. Performing rituals after the death of an individual is a way to show the departing soul that it will be missed and the person who died will always be remembered. It is because of this there are a lot of religious rituals such as prayers, //bhajans// (religious songs) purifying rituals such (//havans)// that are carried out so that closure about the departed can be felt. ==== ====<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">From reading the literature for this topic I have learnt that even though health care workers know that different religions hold different values and beliefs about their dying and death rituals, we still don’t fully understand or don’t have the training to effectively communicate with them (especially if there are language barriers). As a future health care worker I now understand that special care is required when dealing with people from different ethnicities and religious backgrounds. ====

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">References:

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Archer, F., Spencer, C. (2006). Paramedic education and training on cultural diversity: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">conventions underpinning practice. //Journal of Emergency Primary Health Care//, 4(3). Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006). Year book 2006: Religious Affiliation. Canberra, <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">ACT: Australia Government Publishing Service. Retrieved Oct 16 2011 from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">[|http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/bb8db737e2af84b8ca2571780015701e/bfdda1ca506d6cfaca2570de0014496e!OpenDocument]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2011). Migration Australia: Regions of birth. Canberra, <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">ACT: Australia Government Publishing Service. Retrieved Oct 16 2011 from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Becker, G. (2002). Dying away from home: Quandaries of migration for elders in two <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">ethnic groups. //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">The Journals of Gerontology, 57B //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">(2), S79-S79-95. Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">@http://search.proquest.com/docview/210142139?accountid=13380

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Becker, G. (2003). Meanings of place and displacement in three groups of older <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">immigrants. //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Journal of Aging Studies, 17 //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">(2), 129-129-149. doi:10.1016/S0890-4065(03)00007-0

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Ben (2010, September 13). The NHS: “ Failing those who don’t speak english” [Web log <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">post]. Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Box, M., Taylor, A. (1999). Multicultural Palliative Care Guidelines. //Palliative Care// //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Australia. //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">SA, Eastwood, Palliative Care Australia. Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Carson, P. J. (2009). Providing specialist services in Australia across barriers of <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">distance and culture. //World Journal of Surgery, 33//(8), 1562-1562-7. doi:10.1007/s00268-009-0088-1

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Department of Immigration and citizenship. (2011). //Australian citizenship statistics//. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Canberra, ACT: Australian Government Publishing Service. Retrieved Oct 18 from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Eisenbruch, M. (1984). Cross-cultural aspects of bereavement. I: A conceptual <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">framework for comparative analysis. //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 8 //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">(3), 283-283-309. Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">@http://search.proquest.com/docview/61067635?accountid=13380

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Firth, S. (2005). End-of-life: A hindu view. //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">The Lancet, 366 //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">(9486), 682-682-6. Retrieved <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">@http://search.proquest.com/docview/199013892?accountid=13380

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Frank, A. W. (1999). Disrupted lives: How people create meaning in a chaotic <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">world. //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">American Anthropologist,101 //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">(4), 872-872-873. Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">@http://search.proquest.com/docview/198150145?accountid=13380

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Gafford, J. (2005). "It's like playing with your destiny": Bosnian immigrants' views of <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">advance directives and end-of-life decision-making. //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 7 //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">(3), 195-195-203. doi:10.1007/s10903-005-3676-7

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Kellehear, A.(2001). Death and society: The changing face of dying in Australia. //The// //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">medical Journal of Australia, //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">175, 508-510. Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Koenig ,B.A., Gates-Williams J.(1995). Understanding cultural difference in caring for <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">dying patients. //West J Medicine,// 163 (3), 244-249. Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Latimer, E. J. (1998). Ethical care at the end of life. //Canadian Medical// //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Association.Journal, 158 //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">(13), 1741-7. Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">@http://search.proquest.com/docview/204779549?accountid=13380

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Lickiss,J.N. (2003). Palliative Care: Approaching death in multicultural Australia. //The// //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">medical Journal of Australia. //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> 179(6). Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Morse, J.M, Proctor, A. (1998). Maintaining Patient Endurance: The comfort work of <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">trauma nurses. //Clinical Nursing Research, 7(3),// 250-274. doi: 10.1177/105477389800700304

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Morse, J. M. (2001). Toward a praxis theory of suffering. //ANS, 24//(1), 47-47-59. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">@http://search.proquest.com/docview/221042825?accountid=13380

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">National Health and Medical Research Council. (2005). Australian government: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">national health and medical research council : Cultural competency in health: A guide for policy, partnerships and participation. Canberra, ACT. Australian Government Publishing Services. Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">National Health and Medical Research Council .(2006). Cultural Awareness- Key to a <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">healthier Australia. Canberra, ACT. Australian Government Publishing Services. Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Nursing Theories resource. (2011). Transculture Nursing. Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Ohman, M., Soderberg, S., & Lundman, B. (2003). Hovering between suffering and <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">enduring: The meaning of living with serious chronic illness. //Qualitative Health Research, 13//(4), 528-528-542. Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">@http://search.proquest.com/docview/220261778?accountid=13380

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Preboth, M. (2000). Breaking cultural barriers in health care. //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">American Family // //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Physician, 61 //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">(6), 1912-1912. Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">@http://search.proquest.com/docview/234309723?accountid=13380

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Spencer, C. (2006). //Diversity in Health 2005: It’s everybody’s business//. Journal of <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Emergency Primary Health Care, 4(1). Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Spencer, C. (2007). A prehospital perspective of ‘Cultural Competency in Health: A <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">guide for policy, partnership and participation’. //National Health and Medical Research Council, Commonwealth of Australia. 2005//. Journal of Emergency Primary Health Care, 5(2). Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Valero-Garces, C. (2007). Challenges in multilingual societies. the myth of the invisible <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">interpreter and translator. //Across Languages and Cultures, 8//(1), 81-81-101. Retrieved from <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">@http://search.proquest.com/docview/85601087?accountid=13380

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Articles i have commented on: http://healthculturesociety.wikispaces.com/+Genuine+or+Genuine+Photo+Opportunity+%E2%80%93+The+truth+about+closing+the+gap

You wiki is very eye opening and informative. We all know a gap exhists between indigenous and non indigenous Australians, but to what extent I don’t think many know. By sending in outsiders especially form cities the government is not exhibiting the cultural sensitivity this project needs. Nobody likes being told what to do especially from people we don’t know. Our aboriginal community needs education instead of just being told what to do. As well they need to be educated by aboriginal professions instead of non indigenous Australians.

http://healthculturesociety.wikispaces.com/Culture%2C+health+professionals+and+death.

Currently studying in a health it is mind blowing just how many health issues are around. It so hard to keep up with all the new trends of teenagers and a scary idea that we may not be able to learn or keep up to date with all the new cultural and generational trends. As well as keeping up to date with all new improving technology and medial changes occurring all the time. I whole heartedly agree with the ‘fat tax ‘whilst some people are obese due to disease or medical reasons many people are this way because they are lazy or just don’t care about their personal health and they choose to eat bad food. As a health student I know that when I graduate this is going to be a frustrating phenomena in our society and one I hope the Fat tax and new government programs will help change.