How+far+has+depression+come?

**Marlana, M. D. Comelli**

 * Student number:** 8298785
 * Tutor:** Judith Meiklejohn
 * Unit:** PUB209 - Health Culture and Society

**Mental Health – Depression **
Green, Gold, and Blue: How Well does Australia deal with Mental Health in 2011? What is working, what isn’t, and what should be done?

**‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Artefact ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ **
‘Ausweglos’ which is German for ‘dead-end’ is an art piece that depicts a suffering victim from depression. It was painted by female German artist Romy Campe in 2006. Campe is a contemporary artist that specialises in representation of emotion in faces. Campe’s artwork is characterized by colorful, detailed paintings with paste-like colors application. Her paintings are multilayered and she uses tools such as wood, stones, sand and bitumen. These materials give depth to the colours chosen to express the appropriate emotion of depression.

[|http://en.artoffer.com/Romy-Campe/Ausweglos/default.asp#comments]

**Public Health Issue **
The World Health Organisation (WHO) (2011) has listed depression under a common mental disorder. It has been characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth. It was further viewed as a chronic or frequent health issue which substantially impairs an individual’s ability to cope with daily life activities (Berndt //et al.,// 2000). Additional symptoms include restlessness, physical and mental fatigue, disturbed sleep or appetite, low energy, poor concentration and unsociability (Beyond Blue, 2006). A mental health problem such as depression can increase the exposure to health risk factors, which in turn lead to the increased risk of other burden of disease which can relate to death or suicide (World Health Organisation, 2011). These include health behavioural risk factors such as alcohol consumption, tobacco use, poor nutritional intake and physical inactivity (Australian Institute of Health Welfare [AIHW], 2006). With depression ranked as the fourth highest global burden of disease it has been expected to jump to second place by the year 2020 (World Health Organisation, 2011), accentuating the urgency of this health issue. Adolescents and young adults aged 16 to 24 reached 26 percent who experienced an episode of mental disorder in the past 12 months. This age group also displayed the greatest prevalence of substance use disorders, with 13% presenting problematic drug and alcohol habits (Australian Beauru Statistics, 2009). There is an outstanding amount of poor treatment outcomes including increased risk of relapse and recurrence with antidepressants as well as with an increase in healthcare costs (The University of Queensland medicine, 2011). There are excessive amount of problems faced when treating depression, through the development of interventions and it is possible to improve adherence to medication treatment and depression results.

**Literature Review **
What makes this common health issue so concerning is fewer than 25% of those effected have access to effective treatments leaving the other 75% with less help which can result in serious outcomes such as suicide. Fewer than 25% of those affected (in some counties few than 10%) receive treatments, whilst antidepressant medications and brief structured forms of psychotherapy are effective for 60-80% of those affected (Australian Bureau Statistics, 2010). An intervention breakthrough has been the ‘Primary care based quality improvement programs’ which have focused on improving the quality of life, satisfaction with life, health outcomes, functioning, economic productivity and household wealth (Mathers, Vos, Stevenson & Brigg, 2001). In 1996, mental disorders were one of the main causes of disability burden of disease, responsible for nearly 30 percent of total years of life lost to disability (YLD), with depression accounting for 8% of the total YLD (Mathers, Vos, Stevenson & Brigg, 2001). In table two below, risk factors such as tobacco and physical inactivity contributed towards increase of depression and mental disorders. This included before and after being diagnosed with depression (World health Organisation, 2001). Table one.

(The World Health Organisation, 2011)
 * **The 10 leading causes of disease burden in Australia, 1996 ** ||
 * **Cause ** || **% of total disease burden ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Ischaemic heart disease || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">12.4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Stroke || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">5.4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">3.7 ||
 * <span style="background-color: #00ffff; font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Depression || <span style="background-color: #00ffff; font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">3.7 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Lung cancer || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">3.6 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Dementia || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">3.5 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Diabetes mellitus || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">3.0 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Colorectal cancer || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">2.7 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Asthma || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">2.6 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Osteoarthritis || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">2.2 ||

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Table two.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">(The World Health Organisation, 2011)
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Risk factors ** |||||| **<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Attributable burden (% of total DALYs) ** ||
 * || **<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Males ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Females ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Total ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Tobacco || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">12.1 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">6.8 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">9.7 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Physical inactivity || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">6.0 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">7.5 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">6.7 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">High blood pressure || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">5.1 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">5.8 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">5.4 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Alcohol harm || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">6.6 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">3.1 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">4.9 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Alcohol benefit || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">-2.4 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">-3.2 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">-2.8 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Obesity || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">4.3 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">4.3 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">4.3 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Poor nutrition intake || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">3.0 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">2.4 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">2.7 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">High blood cholesterol || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">3.2 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">1.9 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">2.6 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Illicit drugs || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">2.2 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">1.3 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">1.8 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Occupation || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">2.4 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">1.0 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">1.7 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Unsafe sex || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">1.1 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">07 || <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">0.9 ||

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Young Australians have been targeted as most vulnerable to experiencing depression and other mental disorders. Virtually two in every ten children have an episode of major depression before their 14th birthday (World Health Organisation, 2011). Before they can even legally vote or drive and drink alcohol (in some states) as much as 26 percent of youth will have experienced some form of anxiety or mood disorder (Lewisohn //et al//., 1993; Shaffer //et al.,// 1996). This is the highest rate of age groups and therefore Australia’s adolescence needs immediate attention. While it is clear that children with depression are not mentally healthy, it is dubious to assume children without a mental illness are necessarily mentally healthy (Keyes, 2002). It is important to keep children’s mental state of mind healthy so it does not impact their future negatively. This was further stated that one’s mental health and wellbeing during adolescence can have considerable implication for ones futures, suggesting that adolescence are most vulnerable (Corbin //et al//., 2011). Youth (ages 12 to 18) indicated how frequently during the past month they experienced signs of developing depression, three symptoms of emotional well-being, four symptoms of psychological well-being and five symptoms of social well-being. Keyes (2002) findings (assessment of mental health continuum) revealed 38 percent were flourishing, 56 percent were moderately mentally healthy, and six percent were languishing from depression. Australian Bureau Statistics (1996-2001) reveals a decrease in substance use disorders when mental health decreases. Further implying that a healthy mental state will reduce depression, which additionally leads to prevalence of conduct problems (arrest, skipped school, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and marijuana use) to decrease and measures of psychological function (global self concept, self determination, closeness to others and school integration) will increase (Keyes, 2002).

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Keyes (2002) research also conducted a factual theory that adults who have suffered mood disorders in childhood are at greater risk of suffering anxiety, depression and suicidal positions (Fergusson & Woodward, 2002). Environmental factors such as culture and geographic location have been observed and linked with unemployment and unhealthy coping strategies such as smoking, alcoholism and self-harm (Corbin //et al.,// 2011). Therefore any adult who had experienced depression whilst at a young age, it would then be a high chance that their child would experience some sought of mental illness also. The adult would experience relapsed episodes of depression which can also impact a child’s health negatively both at the present time and for their future (Gerusson & Woodward, 2002) and so the chain drags on.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Suicide has often been the solution for young adults (World Health Organisation, 2011). They find it difficult to express themselves emotionally and are embarrassed to seek help (AIHW, 2006). It is expected to focus the attention in youth depression and suicide because of the rising incidences that have occurred (Ruzicka, 1999). It is such a largely restricted area to measure suicide. This has forced the field to expand to suicidal behaviour measurements (suicidal attempt and para-suicides) (Keyes, 2002). A survey was conducted asking 1,000 young people if they knew another person who had committed suicide or had tried to do so (Ruzicka, 1999). 63 percent of those aged 15 to 20 years answered yes. In addition to these horrifying results, in 1997, 525 young Australians aged less than 25 years had killed themselves (Ruzicka, 1999).

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">In 2010 depression rates in relation to Australia’s’ burden of disease had decreased to 13 percent, dropping just over half of what it was in 1996, which positively resulted in progress in Australia’s mental health status. This clearly viewed the improvement of health care systems in Australia, including prevention and treatment by health professionals (AIHW, 2010). However as highlighted by the World Health Organisation projects, there is still the need for additional improvement for Australia’s mental health status. <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Armitage & Hoffmann (2001) researched on gender difference in depression identifying, <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">approximately 10–15% of the population undergoes an episode of depression each year and the average age of onset is mid to late 20’s. The current aim is to focus on the youth (young adults) of Australia. Educating the youth to manage and prevent depression and mental disorders they may experience will help the population to have a positive future to look forward to (Ruzicka, 1999).

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Cultural and Social Analysis **
<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Improving mental health has come a long way. There were multiple barriers faced when seeking help for the majority population of Australia especially to the youth age group. These barriers included lack of knowledge, unaware, embarrassment, unemployment and emotionally ill to help one’s self (Gulliver, Griffithis & Christensen, 2010). With the generation gap between ‘baby boomers’ and ‘generation Y,’ it is possible that in the last decade, Information Communication Technology (ICT) such as the internet and increased media advertisements have contributed to the improvement of mental health, more so for the youth as help became increasingly accessible and private. Gen Y may have the upper hand, however excessive use of the internet can be responsible for social isolation and depressed moods (Iskender & Akin, 2009). This has no serious threat to the majority of adolescents unless an addiction were to develop (Iskender & Akin, 2009).

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Women with depression are more likely to present with ‘atypical’ symptoms including weight gain, rejection sensitivity, irritability and hypersomnia (Thase, Frank & Kornstein, 2000). They are more likely to seek treatment earlier in the episode and focus on the interpersonal cost/difficulties associated with their illness (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1995). Men on the other hand focus more on job-related or goal-directed behavioural difficulties and may not be as aware of the onset of the episode until it is severe (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1995). Moreover, men and women show different sensitivities to the side effects of antidepressants. Other forms of medication that have selective similarity toward one neurotransmitter system (e.g serotonin) provide evidence that physiological response to medications may differ by gender (Yonkers, Kando & Cole, 1992).

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Between the years of 1997 and 2006, improvements have been observed in the rates of youth suicide and overall mental health. Suicide rates for Australians under the age of 25 had halved, decreasing from 525 in 1997 (425 males and 100 females) to 266 successful attempts in 2006 (ABS, 2008). This data gave an indication of improvement in the state of young Australians mental health. Media and educational awareness increased between the years 2005 and 2010 (Australian Beauru Statistics, 2010). Visits have also increased to health professionals in regards to mental health issues and check-ups, estimating an extra two million visits (AIHW, 2011).

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">The University of Queensland medical research centre (2010) also conducted and tested a treatment table. This treatment tables lists a range of prevention and management techniques for both mental health and depression, these techniques involve, hypnotherapy, yoga, counselling and debrief therapy all which have proven to be positively effective to specific individuals ( <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Anderson //et al.,// 2002 <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">). This further backs up this treatment discovering that medication management such as the yoga, meditation, education training and general support from pharmacists increase in adherence to medications.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Durkheim studies on suicide held that poverty protects against suicide while wealth is more like to predispose to suicide. However, empirical studies have found that in some societies higher than average suicide rates prevail among the urbanised areas (Ruzicka, 1999). Durkheim’s thought was to view suicide from sudden change of social and economic situation as it seems to play a more important role on the path to suicide, rather than social status itself. For young males, rising suicide engaged with rising incidence and duration of unemployment (Burville, 1980). It was also pointed out that selection factors such as addiction to drugs, alcoholism and family problems were also of some responsibility for bother occupational failure and for suicide. Durkheim further justifies that suicide has been present in all societies at all times, irrespective of the barriers imposed by religion, culture or law. Almost all people find answers to their problems and endure stressful situations without the emergence of self-destructive impulses, a small minority react to emotional stress and their solution results to committing suicide. Psychiatrists and psychoanalysts have attempted to identify personality differences when it comes to suicide. The main conclusion drawn was virtually all suicides can be attributed to depressive illness, schizophrenia, neurosis and personality disorder which were often connected to alcoholism and drug addictions (Ruzicka, 1999).

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">For prevention to be successful it needs to accepted and identified by the victim (Ruzicka, 1999). If this proposition is accepted, then such interventions can address a range of aspects of health. Prevention concerns all factors associated with suicidal tendencies, and involve development of the individuals: physical, affective, cognitive, educational, social, cultural and economic. (Ruzicka, 1999). Durkheimian theory might propose that increased contact with health professionals, as well as the supportive qualities of the internet, may explain a reduction in “Egoistic suicides” (that is, depression as a result of isolation). It might also be suggested that the recent increase in accessibility of information via the internet could reduce “Fatalistic suicides”, increasing the general public’s knowledge (and therefore, autonomy) regarding their mental health.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Artefact Analysis/ Leaning Reflection **
<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">‘Ausweglos’ represents a victim suffering from depression. There are two main techniques expressed in this artefact. First, distorting the image around the victims head, this impression captures confusion as well as feeling trapped, lost and helpless. These are just some of the emotions felt in the process of experiencing depression (World Health Organisation, 2011). It further isolates the victim to feeling alone as the surroundings have been blurred or deliberately shut out. This is another form of social act of how a sufferer may handle real life situations (Lehmann, R., 2010). Colour is the second technique, which has captured the dark adaptation to describe the specific emotions being targeted. The main focus of colour is yellow. On a negative perspective of this colour, it has been darkened to represent specific emotions such as Irrationality, fear, emotional fragility, depression, anxiety and suicide, whilst the colour red pins out the strain and exhaustion of this victims disturbing thoughts. (Wright, A., 2008). ‘Ausweglos’ consists of thick multi-layered acrylic and oil paint to deepen the colour and further explore the depth of the emotion, encapsulating the emotional art of depression. Romy Campe has created multiple paintings related to emotional thoughts and feelings. Why she has done this? Humans often react on their immediate emotions ( <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Iskender & Akin, 2010 <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">). What we do often reflects on how we feel at the present time (Corbin //et al.,// 2011). Art is a tactful way to encourage people to feel emotion, discover emotion and display emotion ( <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Anderson //et al.,// 2002 <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">). Australian youth can struggle to display emotion at points in their lives ( <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Iskender & Akin, 2010 <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">). Identifying your emotion, understand it and manage it can significantly impact ones mental health state positively ( <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Anderson //et al.,// 2002 <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">).

<span style="color: #80001d; display: block; font-family: 'cambria','serif'; text-align: center;">Artist: Romy Campe


<span style="color: #cc0066; font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Reference List **
> [|http://en.artoffer.com/Romy-Campe/Ausweglos/default.asp#comments]
 * 1) ======<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Anderson, D. M., Keither, J., Novak, P.D., & Elliot, M. A. (2002). //Mosby's medical, nursing & allied health dictionaery// (6th ed.) St. Louis: Mosby. ======
 * 2) ======<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Armitage, R., & Hoffmann, R. (2001). Sleep EEG, depression and gender. //Sleep medicine reviews, 5//(3), 237-246. doi:10.1053/smrv.2000.0144 ======
 * 3) ======<span style="font-family: 'cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006a). //National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey//, 2004-05, cat. no. 4715.0, ABS, Canberra. ======
 * 4) ====== <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2011). Health workforce. Retrieved from <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">[]  ======
 * 5) ====== <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2011). Mental health services – In brief 2011. Retrieved from <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">[]  ======
 * 6) ======<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Berndt, E. R., Koran, L. M., Finkelstein, S. N., Glenberg, A. J., Kornstein, S. G., Miller, I. M., Thase, M. E., Trapp, G. A., & Keller, M. B. (2000). Lost human capital from early-onset chronic depression [Electronic version]. ======
 * 7) <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">//<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, // 940-947. Retrieved from <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">[]
 * 8) <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Beyond Blue. (2006). //<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Depression: Signs and symptoms //. Retrieved from <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">[]
 * 9) <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Burvill, P. W. (1980). //Changing patterns of suicide in Australia.// Acta psychiatric scandinavica. 62:258-268.
 * 10) ==== <span style="font-family: 'cambria','serif';">Campe. R. (2006). Ausweglos. Art offer. Retrieved from <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">[|http://en.artoffer.com/RomyCampe/Ausweglos/default.asp#comments]  ====
 * 11) <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Corbin, C. B. (2009). //Concepts of fitness and wellness: A comprehensive lifestyle approach//. New York: McGraw-Hill.
 * 12) <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Gulliver, G., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2010). Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: A systematic review. //<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">BMC Psychiatry, 10 //(130). <span class="pseudotab" style="color: black; font-family: 'cambria','serif';">doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-10-11.
 * 13) <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). Mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. //Journal of Health and social behaviour, 43, 207-222.//
 * 14) <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Iskender, M., & Akin, A. (2010). Social self-efficacy, academic locus of control, and internet addiction. //Computers & education, 54//(4), 1101-1106. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2009.10.014
 * 15) <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Kornstein, S. G., Schatzberg, A. F., Thase, M. E., Yonkers, K. A., McCullough, J. P., Keitner, G. I., Gelenberg, A.J.,
 * 16) <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Ryan, C.E., Hess, A. L., Harrison, W. M., Davis, S. M., Keller, M. B. (2000 ).Gender //differences in chronic major and double depression//. J Affect Disord.
 * 17) <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Lehmann, R., (2010). Romy Campe. Retrieved from
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Lewinsohn, P. M., Hops, H., Roberts., & Seeley, J. (1993). Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. //Journal of abnormal psychology, 102, 110-120.//
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Mathers, C. D., Vos, E. T., Stevenson, C. E., Brigg, S. J. (2001). The burden of disease and injury [Electronic version]. //Bulletin of the World Health Organisation,// 79(11), 1076-1084. Retrieved from []
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Epidemiology and theories of gender differences in unipolar depression. In: Seeman MV, (ed). //Gender and psychopathology//. American psychiatric Press. Washington. 63-87.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Ruzicka, L. (1999). Youth suicide in Australia. //Journal of the Australian population association//. Australian institute of health and welfare. New South Wales.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Thase, M. E., Frank, E., & Kornstein, S. G. (2000). Gender differences in response to treatments of depression. //Gender and its effects on psychopathology//. American psychiatric press. Washington DC. 103-129.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">The University of Queensland. (2010). PTSD Treatment table. //UQ school of medicine//. Retrieve from []
 * 7) <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Wright, A., (2008). //Psychological properties of colours.// Colour effects. London. Retrieved fro []
 * 8) <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">World Health Organisation. (2011). Depression. Retrieved from []
 * 9) <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14px;">Yonkers, K. A., Kando, J. C., & Cole, J. O. (1992). Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmaco-dynamic of psychotopic medication. //Am J psychiatry.// 149: 587-151.

**<span style="color: #cc0066; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Reflection one **
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<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The artefact you have presented for your topic captured my attention immediately. It was a unique way to inform the viewer about gender equality in sport, by applying the health benefits, which you have analysed well. It made a very strong beginning to your assignment.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 16px;">You gave a simple yet effective statement about your public health issue and what it is today as well as giving a different kind of depth of knowledge into this issue. You answered each step of the criteria in a straight to the point effective way as well as identifying the transformation of women and sport. Your culture analysis gave a strong point about the hegemony of femininity in today’s society. Ridding that it is not about what sport you play but what it does to the world’s health of the female population.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 16px;">I enjoyed reading this page. You showed an effective and different side to the story that I may not have thought of straight away.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 16px;">http://healthculturesociety.wikispaces.com/Women%27s+Equality+in+Sport

**<span style="color: #cc0066; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Reflection two **
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<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 16px;">You gave a strong statement about wanting to close the gap by improving life expectancy in the indigenous communities today. I believe society today has become a lot more civilised and people today have voices to make a difference and so I believe the gap will eventually closed.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The You Tube clip displayed in the public health section was a very informative summary of the public health issue and what is expected to help improve this issue in the appropriate way (culture sensitivity). I absolutely agree with the health care services and other community programs. Sometime it works best when there are other aboriginals working together because the clients feel more comfortable with them and there is a cultural understanding. I think this is a very important issue to analyse and I am worried the government may not always consider this.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The statistic you gave “by the year 2030.....the gap will no longer exist” was relieving to see. I was not sure when or how long it would take to have full equality for indigenous people but to see a year on it is definitely a positive attribute for promising futures. After all we are known as the opened and multi-cultural country (Smolicz, 1997) and we should be proud of that.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Overall the presentation and structure of your wiki page was excellently set out and easy to follow. The You Tube clips displayed were credibly effective for your topic.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 16px;">http://healthculturesociety.wikispaces.com/+Genuine+or+Genuine+Photo+Opportunity+%E2%80%93+The+truth+about+closing+the+gap

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=**<span style="color: #cc0066; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Reference **=

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<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Smolicz, J. J. (1997). Australia: From migrant country to multicultural nation. //International migration review.// The centre for migration studies of New York, Inc. Retrieved from [|h]<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">[|ttp://www.jstor.org/stable/2547265]